Decision Tree Essay

Choice Tree Essay Choice Tree Essay Section 9 Organizing System Requirements: Logic Modeling Genuine False Questions 1. Information stream charts are intended to show the nitty gritty rationale of procedures. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 282 2. Organized English is valuable for speaking to the rationale in data framework forms. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Reference: p. 282 3. Organized English speaks to the three essential organized programming articulations: decision, redundancy, and grouping. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 282 4. Reference, connecting, and determination programming articulations are spoken to in Structured English. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 282 5. Choice tables permit you to speak to a lot of conditions and the activities that follow from them in an even arrangement. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 282 6. Information stream graphs are sufficient for displaying the entirety of the unpredictability of a data framework. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 283 7. Information stream graphs are not sufficient for displaying the entirety of the intricacy of a data framework. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 283 8. Rationale displaying speaks to the inner structure and usefulness of the procedures spoke to on information stream graphs. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 283 9. In the investigation stage, rationale demonstrating mirrors the structure or grammar of a specific programming language. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Reference: p. 283 10. Rationale displaying is a movement related with prerequisites organizing. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Reference: p. 283 11. Despite the fact that rationale displaying speaks to a process’s structure, it can't speak to the fleeting elements of frameworks. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Reference: p. 283 12. In organized examination, the essential expectations of rationale displaying are organized portrayals and charts that layout the rationale contained inside each DFD procedure just as outlines that show the fleeting elements of frameworks. Answer: True Difficulty: Hard Reference: p. 283 13. Rationale demonstrating expectations may appear as new passages into the undertaking word reference. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 283 14. For every crude procedure, the expert ought to create Structured English, choice table, and choice tree portrayals. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 283 15. State progress outlines, succession graphs, and movement charts are sorts of rationale models. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 285 16. Organized English is a procedure displaying method. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Reference: p. 285 17. Organized English is a changed type of the English language used to determine the rationale of data framework forms. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 285 18. The Unified Modeling Language is an adjusted type of the English language used to indicate the rationale of data framework forms. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 285 19. Organized English depends vigorously on descriptors and verb modifiers. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 285 20. The standard rendition of Structured English is known as the Unified Modeling Language. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 285 21. On the off chance that and case are two kinds of restrictive proclamations. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Reference: p. 285 22. Referencing Structured English, terms that determine sensible examinations are explained as opposed to spoke to by their math images. Answer: True Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 287 23. When getting ready Structured English explanations, the examiner incorporates proclamations to instate factors, open and close documents, and find related records in isolated records. Answer: False Difficulty: Hard Reference: p. 288 24. Organized English looks like a programming language. Answer: False Difficulty: Med Reference: p. 288 25. Organized English is a correspondence method utilized for experts and

Implication of Integrated Marketing Communications Free Essays

Part 1: †INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Today, every endeavor anticipates develop and extend as far as size, benefits, foundation, items, piece of the pie and clients. Co-appointment and reconciliation among various units, for example, creation, operational exercises, funds and showcasing are the fundamental imperative so as to accomplish by and large corporate point and targets. We will compose a custom article test on Ramifications of Integrated Marketing Communications or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now It is important for the association to be perceived for its items and administrations in the business and purchaser advertise. Subsequently, promoting can be viewed as one of the significant perspective in each association. Advertising can be characterized as a procedure which includes distinguishing proof, expectation and fulfillment of client needs in most ideal and gainful manner by the administration (Smith and Taylor, 2004). Be that as it may, it tends to be expressed that it is fundamental to speak with the client so as to recognize about company’s items and administrations. This can be accomplished through incorporation of various channels, for example, commercial, web, shows and direct promoting. These channels are named as advertising specialized devices. These various apparatuses of promoting correspondence contain various highlights, advantages and constraints. This exploration study will help in evaluating the ramifications of incorporated promoting specialized app aratuses in the Indian retail division. Consequently, it will help in assessing distinctive showcasing specialized instruments accessible for the venture so as to impact the client for the items and administrations accessible in the retail business of India. This exploration study will give a nitty gritty clarification about the advertising correspondence process, models, for example, single, two stage or straight; and apparatuses, for example, web, direct promoting, etc. It will assist the peruser with understanding various attributes, focal points and disservices of different specialized devices accessible for the endeavor so as to relate with changing purchaser conduct and market. This investigation will likewise depict about research technique procedure and approach received by the specialist, for example, subjective, quantitative or blended for assortment of information. Discoveries and examination would be finished by gathering information and data in retail segment, business and customer market of India so as to make a determination with respect to ramifications of such idea and the best promoting correspondence model or set of various apparatuses. This investigation will support the peruser, retailer and analyst in understanding the most ideal method of coordinating distinctive specialized apparatuses in the Indian purchaser advertise. 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives: †Research point can be characterized as a general articulation which depicts the explanation behind choosing a specific topic of the exploration (Collins, 2010). The fundamental point of this examination study is to assess the ramifications of coordinated promoting correspondence by the specialists. As indicated by Collins (2010), examine goal can be characterized as a clear articulation identified with the characterized point of the examination. Henceforth, so as to accomplish the above expressed point, certain goals are planned by the scientist which can be depicted as follow: †To recognize distinctive advertising correspondence models and apparatuses accessible to the endeavors. To depict different highlights, advantages and constraints related with each advertising specialized instrument. To break down the hypothetical viewpoint on powerful ramifications of incorporated advertising correspondence. To look at the retail area, business and shopper market of India for the assessment of ramifications of incorporated advertising correspondence by the experts and to assess the best promoting correspondence model or set of various apparatuses. To suggest a support about the various perspectives that help with picking a proper arrangement of advertising specialized apparatuses. 1.3 Significance of the Research This exploration study would be advantageous for the peruser in understanding the subject on showcasing correspondence all the more normally. It will depict the idea of ramifications of showcasing correspondences in the genuine business condition, especially in Indian retail part. Utilization of required research procedure approaches and devices will help in gathering data and information for better examination and study. Subsequently, this exploration study would be of important help to promoting office and by and large administration in the business to comprehend the criticalness and reason for suggesting showcasing specialized instruments so as to convince a client. It will support the peruser, corporate administration, promoting administrators, and retailers in settling on a choice about the ramifications of showcasing specialized apparatuses in the best path in the venture. This examination will likewise suggest about the clarification about various viewpoints influencing in pic king the suitable arrangement of instruments. 1.4 Structure of the Research It is simpler for the peruser to comprehend a very much planned and organized report study. A brief picture about the different substance of the examination study is vital. For the above explanation, the scientist has introduced the accompanying short viewpoint of every part in this exploration study. The above figure portrays all the sections classified by the analyst in this exploration study to encourage the lead of this investigation in an improved way. Section 2: †LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Marketing Communication In the current business situation, it is fundamental for each undertaking to speak with the clients, shoppers or all in all to the objective market for the items and administrations gave by the organization. Target market can be alluded to the gathering of people to which a venture is expected to pull in for its items and administrations. A lot of four standards of showcasing blend for the most part alluded as four P’s †item, value, spot and advancement is utilized to convince the objective market. Among these four components, advancement incorporates set of different modes, for example, ad, direct advertising, web and promoting, etc. These methods of advancement help the administration in conveying to the clients with respect to the items and administrations of the undertaking. The way toward speaking with the clients so as to convey message and get criticism is named as advertising correspondence (Koekemoer and Bird, 2004). It has become an extremely imperative idea in the promoting field because of changes, development and improvement in the business and buyer advertise. 2.3 Integrated Marketing Communication Today, changes and improvement in political, social, affordable and innovative condition has lead to the rise of new idea coordinated showcasing correspondence. As indicated by Masterman and Wood (2006, p.14) â€Å"An incorporated advertising correspondence can be characterized as a program which incorporates composed, spoken and electronic associations with partner audiences.† This kind of efficient arranging through coordinated correspondence encourages the administration in creating responsiveness, intrigue and interest in the endeavor, its exercises, plans, work force, items and administrations. It is basic to coordinate distinctive promoting specialized apparatuses as it very well may be expressed that today customer is getting increasingly balanced towards the items advertised. Buyer market can be ordered based on various viewpoints, for example, class, religion, sexual orientation or area. Correspondence through single database may make issues in conveying the exact mes sage to the client (Smith and Zook, 2011). Subsequently, it tends to be expressed that joining of various promoting specialized apparatuses has gotten basic as each instrument involves its own advantages and confinements. Additionally, changes in customer showcase and innovative progression has made it important for the endeavor to receive incorporated advertising specialized instruments so as to get by in such serious business showcase. 2.4 Marketing Communication Process Market correspondence process contains advertiser †who sends the message to the client in regards to items and administrations being offered by the organization with the assistance of various devices, for example, commercial, web, advancements, direct showcasing, etc. In any case, it tends to be expressed that input is most significant component for precise and complete correspondence process as each individual has its own qualities, convictions and recognitions. This conveying procedure can be shown with the assistance of the accompanying figure: †Source: †Smith et. al. (1999, p. 27) From the above figure, it very well may be expressed that proper investigation as far as increment in deals and client premium exercises will help the advertiser in breaking down the impact of specialized apparatus received by the organization. 2.4 Marketing Communication Mix With the adjustments in the corporate division, there is a colossal development and advancement in the advertising field as far as imparting devices and procedures. Prior, notice and advancements were considered as the main compelling devices for speaking with the objective market. Over the ongoing years, mechanical progression and changes in shopper conduct has prompted the expanded use of different apparatuses, for example, web, e-advertising, presentations, etc. These apparatuses are named as promoting correspondence blend which can be all around spoke to in the accompanying figure: †Source: †Smith and Taylor (2004) Each component of above expressed advertising correspondence blend includes its own highlights, advantages and confinements. Choice in regards to appropriation of a device or combination of imparting apparatuses is influenced by various angles present inside and outside of the endeavor. 2.5 Factors Affecting the Decision r

Introduction to Montessori free essay sample

Q1. Talk about the life and works of Dr. Maria Montessori and for what reason would she say she is alluded to as a woman much comparatively radical? On the off chance that instruction is consistently to be considered along the equivalent old-fashioned lines of a minor transmission of information, there is little to b trusted from it in the bettering of man’s life. For what is the utilization of transmitting information if the individual’s absolute improvement lingers behind. Dr. Maria Montessori . Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (Italian articulation: [ma? ria montes? s? ri]; August 31, 1870 †May 6, 1952) was an Italian doctor and teacher most popular for the way of thinking of training that bears her name, and her composition on logical instructional method. Her instructive strategy is being used today in broad daylight and non-public schools all through the world. Substance 1 Life and vocation 1. 1 Birth and family 1. 2 1883â€1896: Education 1. 3 1896â€1901: Early profession and family 1. 4 1901â€1906: Further investigations 1. 5 1906â€1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessoris thoughts 1. We will compose a custom paper test on Prologue to Montessori or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 6 1909â€1915: International acknowledgment and development of Montessori instruction 1. 7 1915â€1939: Further advancement of Montessori instruction 1. 8 1939â€1946: Montessori in India 1. 9 1946â€1952: The most recent years 2 Educational way of thinking and teaching method 2. 1 Early impacts 2. 2 Scientific teaching method 2. 3 Casa dei Bambini 2. 4 Further turn of events and Montessori Education today 3 Montessori Method 4 Works . Birth and family. Montessori was conceived on August 31, 1870 in Ancona, Italy. Her dad, Alessandro Montessori was a moderate military man. Her mom, Renidle Montissore was an informed and liberal woman and upheld Maria’s instructive interest. She got opportunity to have instruction all through Italy in light of her father’s visit moves. 1883â€1896: Education Montessori entered an open grade school at 6 years old in 1876. Montessori entered an auxiliary, specialized school Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti when she graduated in 1890 with a declaration in physicsâ€mathematics, she had chosen to consider medication rather, a considerably progressively far-fetched interest given social standards at that point. College of Romeâ€Medical school. Montessori pushed ahead with her aim to contemplate medication, yet was unequivocally debilitated. In any case, in 1890, she selected the University of Rome in a degree course in common sciences. This degree, alongside extra investigations in Italian and Latin, qualified her for entrance into the clinical program at the University in 1893, she was met with threatening vibe and provocation from some clinical understudies and teachers and her dad. Regardless of resistance of numerous years, Montessori graduated with most noteworthy distinctions from the University of Rome in 1896 as a specialist of medication and holds the title of being the principal woman specialist throughout the entire existence of Italy. She discovered work as an associate at the University emergency clinic and began a private practice. 1896â€1901: Early vocation. From 1896 to 1901, Montessori worked with and looked into purported phrenasthenic childrenâ€in present day terms, youngsters encountering some type of mental hindrance, sickness, or inability. She additionally started to travel, study, talk, and distribute broadly and universally, coming to unmistakable quality as a supporter for womens rights and instruction for intellectually incapacitated youngsters. Work with exceptional kids. In the wake of moving on from the University of Rome in 1896, Montessori proceeded with her exploration at the Universitys mental facility, and in 1897 she was acknowledged as a willful right hand there. As a component of her work, she visited shelters in Rome where she watched youngsters with mental handicaps, perceptions which were principal to her future instructive work. She additionally read and examined crafted by nineteenth century doctors and teachers Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin, who significantly impacted her work. Maria was captivated with Itards thoughts and made an unmistakably progressively explicit and sorted out framework for applying them to the regular training of kids with inabilities. At the point when she found crafted by Jean Itard and Edouard Seguin they provided her another guidance in deduction and affected her to concentrate on youngsters with learning troubles. Likewise in 1897, Montessori evaluated the University courses in teaching method and read all the significant deals with instructive hypothesis of the previous 200 years. Open promotion. In 1899 Montessori was delegated a councilor to the recently shaped National League for the Protection of Retarded Children, and was welcome to address on unique techniques for instruction for hindered kids . She joined the leading body of the National League and was selected as a speaker in cleanliness and humanities at one of the two educator preparing universities for ladies in Italy. Orthophrenic School. In 1900 Montessori was delegated coordinated of the new Orthophrenic School, a medico-instructive foundation for preparing instructors in teaching intellectually debilitated youngsters with an appended lab study hall. During her two years at the school, Montessori created techniques and materials which she would later adjust to use with standard youngsters. The school was a quick achievement, pulling in the consideration of government authorities from the branches of instruction and wellbeing, municipal pioneers, and conspicuous figures in the fields of training, psychiatry, and human sciences from the University of Rome. The youngsters in the model study hall were drawn from normal schools however thought to be uneducable because of their insufficiencies. A portion of these youngsters later passed open assessments and Montessori alarmed the world. 1901â€1906: Further examinations In 1901, Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and her private practice, and in 1902 she took on the way of thinking degree course at the University of Rome. She additionally sought after autonomous examination in humanities and instructive way of thinking, directed perceptions and trial look into in primary schools, and returned to crafted by Itard and Seguin, making an interpretation of their books into manually written Italian. During this time she started to consider adjusting her techniques for instructing intellectually crippled kids to standard training. Montessoris work creating what she would later bring logical teaching method proceeded throughout the following not many years. In 1903 and 1904, she led anthropological research with Italian younger students, and in 1904 she was qualified as a free speaker in human studies for the University of Rome. She was delegated to address in the Pedagogic School at the University and proceeded in the situation until 1908. Her talks were printed as a book titled Pedagogical Anthropology in 1910. 1906â€1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessoris thoughts. In 1906 Montessori was welcome to manage the consideration and instruction of a gathering of offspring of working guardians in another high rise for low-pay families in situated in the most noticeably awful ghetto area of Rome. Montessori was keen on applying her work and techniques to intellectually ordinary youngsters, and she acknowledged. The name Casa dei Bambini, or Childrens House, was recommended to Montessori, and the main Montessori house opened on January 6, 1907, enlisting 60 youngsters between the ages of a few and six or seven. From the start, the study hall was outfitted with an instructors table and slate, an oven, little seats, easy chairs, and gathering tables for the youngsters, and a bolted bureau for the materials that Montessori had created at the Orthophrenic School. Exercises for the youngsters included individual consideration, for example, dressing and disrobing, care of the earth, for example, cleaning and clearing, and thinking about the nursery. The kids were likewise indicated the utilization of the materials Montessori had created. ] Montessori herself, busy with educating, inquire about, and other expert exercises, managed and watched the study hall work, yet didn't show the youngsters straightforwardly. Everyday instructing and care were given, under Montessoris direction. In this first study hall, Montessori watched practices in these little youngsters which framed the establishment of her instructive technique. She noted scenes of profound consideration and fixation, various reiterations of movement, and an affectability to arrange in nature. Given free decision of movement, the kids demonstrated more enthusiasm for down to earth exercises and Montessoris materials than in toys accommodated them, and were shockingly unmotivated by desserts and different prizes. After some time, she saw an unconstrained self-control develop. In light of her perceptions, Montessori executed various practices that became signs of her instructive way of thinking and technique. She supplanted the overwhelming furniture with youngster measured tables and seats light enough for the kids to move, and set kid estimated materials on low, available racks. She extended the scope of viable exercises, for example, clearing and individual consideration to incorporate a wide assortment of activities for care of the earth and oneself, including blossom orchestrating, hand washing, aerobatic, care of pets, and cooking. She likewise included enormous outdoors segments in the study hall urging youngsters to travel every which way however they see fit the rooms various zones. She felt by working autonomously kids could arrive at new degrees of self-sufficiency and become self-inspired to arrive at new degrees of comprehension. Montessori likewise came to accept that recognizing all youngsters as people and regarding them as such would yield better learning and satisfied potential in every specific kid. She kept on adjusting and refine the materials she had grown before. She started to consider freedom to be the point of instruction, and the job of the instructor as an eyewitness and executive of childrens inborn mental turn of events. Spre

What You Dont Know About Common Argumentative Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

What You Don't Know About Common Argumentative Essay Topics Could Be Costing to More Than You Think Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Common Argumentative Essay Topics If you are supposed to settle on a topic, then it's always much better to choose the one which can help you to present your opinions on this topic. The topic ought to be quite controversial once you are writing an argumentative write up. It is the most important thing for an essay. Sometimes a single topic can result in the next. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Common Argumentative Essay Topics There are four big components to each argumentative essay, and you're likely to have to include them should you need your essay to convince your readers. You can also see concept essays. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. You can also see academic essay. You can also see analytical essay. You might also see descriptive essay. Argumentative essays have to be well-organized. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a couple of vital factors which you can learn that may help you compose a far better argumentative essay. The very first sentence of the essay has to be interesting enough to produce the reader read on. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is wise to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. It's possible to go for an intriguing topic from any area of science. The more methodical you're, the simpler it is going to be to draft your essay once you finish the research phase. If you are in need of a similar essay don't hesitate to ask our writers for support! You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial issue to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. Together with opening your essay with an obvious question, you may also present the reader with a single argument and explain in a succinct statement how it's wrong. Most conclusions are just a paragraph in length as the conclusion is anticipated to be an overview of the whole essay. If you wish to learn what an argumentative essay is, the very first thing you need to remember is that its primary purpose is to convince the audience to accept your viewpoint. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. It requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. In order to really convince readers of your perspective, it must also look at the opposing views. Remember you can make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. Mental illness was regarded as a curse or simply bad upbringing. Still, it's much better to get a freedom of choice as far as you're able to choose the issue which interests you. Common Argumentative Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience! Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay that you're writing, it is crucial to develop a clear thesis statement and a crystal clear sound reasoning. You have to develop an original thesis and utilize evidence to support it . To compose a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. The Tried and True Method for Common Argumentative Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail In any case, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. There are lots of selections of topics based on the subject you would decide to compose a paper. If you are searching for examples of argumentative essays, here's a sample that will help you out! A researchable subject with various possible sources gives you accessibility to the degree of info you want to turn into an authority on the subject. Writing an argumentative essay is a skill that anyone in school should know, although it can be useful outside the classroom, also. Essay DI eliminated the necessity to create the student equal for they aren't.

The Issue Over Medical Marijuana - 1378 Words

Over the past decade, the debate over medical marijuana has heated up fiercely. What was once a fringe-issue has cemented itself in the foreground of American politics. As the laws currently stand, the plant is still considered illegal on the federal level. The Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, classifies marijuana in the same group harmful drugs like heroin and ecstasy by labeling it as a Schedule I substance. According to the DEA, Schedule 1 substances are â€Å"drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Schedule I drugs are the most dangerous drugs of all the drug schedules with potentially severe psychological or physical dependence.† (DEA). While the current federal laws oppose medical marijuana, it is†¦show more content†¦As mentioned earlier, the DEA considers marijuana to have no value as a medicine. The truth is, however, that marijuana does have significant medical value. Value that we have only begun to scratch the surface of because of the restrictions the government has in place. In an interview on NPR radio, Dr. David Casarett goes as far as saying â€Å"There s no question that the war on drugs has set back medical marijuana research and cannabinoid research in general by probably decades. Marijuana in the United States is classified as a Schedule 1 substance, which is reserved for those substances like heroin that have significant risks, including the risk of addiction, but, in theory, [have] no medical benefits. And that categorization really has slowed down the process of research. It s been hard to get medical marijuana; it s been hard to do clinical trials; it has left a lot of patients essen tially to their own devices.† (NPR). Despite the hurdles the federal government has long surrounded the study of marijuana with, discoveries have been made, and relief has been granted to countless individuals. Relief to people like chemotherapy and HIV patients that have lost their appetite, who upon beginning their treatment with marijuana, were finding themselves able to eat again. In fact, beyond assisting with appetite issues in cancer patients, early studies show the active ingredient in marijuana, THC, causes death in cancer causing cells

Man Ray s Life Style - 1447 Words

Man Ray Early Life Man Ray, was born Emmanuel Radnitzky (August 27,1890 - November 18, 1976), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. he was an accomplished American painter, filmmaker, sculptor, illustrator, Dadaist and Surrealist, and photographer. Being a Dadaist and Surrealist he was a huge contributor for the movement while it lasted. He was known for documenting the lavished life style in France. He spent most of his life living in France and America; he spent 42 years in America and 44 years in France. Man Ray was born the son of a Jewish immigrant family from Russia. Him and his family moved to Brooklyn, New York when he was young. It is said that in the early midst of 1912 The, Radnitzky family changed their surname to Ray. Emmanuel decided to use, â€Å"Man Ray.† Other sources say he changed it to. â€Å"â€Å"Man†, representing himself, and â€Å"Ray† represented of a ‘ray of light’ or ‘of the sun† (Fargler). In high school Emmanuel was awarded with a scholarship to study architecture at New York University, but did not accept the scholarship. His pursue of art led him to join the, Art students League, and Academy of Design. His work was very similar to Alfred Stieglitz (1864 – 1946) whom he was vary influenced by. In 1913 he visited Stieglitz modern art at 291 Gallery located in Midtown Manhattan. When older Man Ray would move to Ridgefield, New Jersey. From this time of Man Ray’s life, he was painting landscapes with brash, bright color palettes. In New Jersey Man Ray met a young ladyShow MoreRelatedSurvey of Art History778 Words   |  3 PagesSurvey of Art History II Man Ray like many other artists did not care to have his personal life shown in his art. He wanted to be viewed and recognized for his work which included sculptures, paintings, and photography. Man Ray was mostly influenced by Stieglitzs photographs. Man Ray used a similar style to Stieglitz. 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Nationalism in Europe Essay Example For Students

Nationalism in Europe Essay Nineteenth century Europe, exploding with Nationalism, shows us how powerful a nation can be when united for a common cause. Nationalism is the love and devotion to ones country, where devotion stands for the spirit to protect the needs and ideals of the nation. Nationalism acted as a unifying force in Europe for much of the nineteenth century when unification movements were frequent. The unification of Italy and Germany, are prime examples of nationalism at work. By the end of the French revolution and Napoleanic wars, nationalism was growing rampant among the neighboring countries of France leading to an increasing amount of unification motions. The extraordinary unification of these two divided areas proves how a strong sense of nationalism truly is a unifying force. The early eighteen hundreds was a time of separation for the Geographic Expression which we call Italy is today. All that held back Italy from its unification (1859-1919) was the power complexs of a few greedy officials such as the Pope and Local rulers who feared losing land and power; Most of all however was the Austrian power overhead who wished to maintain a weaker neighbor to the south. Fed up with disunity, an Italian nationalist named Guisseppe Messini founded a secret society called Young Italy. It was the duty of this society to overthrow foreign tyrants such as Austria and establish an Italian republic for which the leader is voted upon. Messini, also known as the Soul, was the true benefactor who excited the people of Italy to unite. As made evident in Document 1, the people united and prepared to defend there needs as a uniting country. This excerpt from the French Leve en Masse dating back as far as 1793, during the French revolution. Though thousands of miles away and m ore than thirty years before any of Italys own reformation acts, the idea behind this excerpt is the same. The only way to defeat a common enemy, whether it be foreign tyrants of your own corrupt monarch, is to come together and work as a whole to take the nation into your own hands. The Brains of the Italian unification is said to be a man by the name of Count Camillo Cavour. Cavour, a well-educated politician, is the contributor of the main plan to the unification. Appointed by King Victor Emanuel of Sardinia, Count Cavour became the new Prime Minister there. As Prime Minister of Sardinia, the economy was improved, the military power increased (for the upcoming unification), and most importantly, he overthrow Austria with the help of Napoleon III, winning back North Italian land. As in document 2, the only objective that Cavour was concerned with was the expelling of foreigners to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development. With the foreign threat eliminated, Italy could also become a very powerful and glorious nation. Even after the drastic changes made by Count Camillo Cavour, the Italian unification was still incomplete. With the threat of Austrias wrath out of the picture, a nationalist general named Giuseppe Garibaldi also known as th e sword of the unification, led an army of 1,000 volunteers known as red-shirts for the scarlet shirts they wore. Garibaldi and the red-shirts, overflowing with nationalism successfully revolted against the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Also in 1860, Sardinian soldiers overran the Popes land (Papal States), nearly uniting the entire peninsula of Italy. With nationalism so strong in the hearts of the Italians, the church was stripped of all its land excluding Rome, which would eventually be taken too during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. O noble Thousand!I love to remember you! (Doc. 3) were the words of Giuseppe Garibaldi when addressing his troops and praising them for the fantastic efforts they put forth to unite Italy. At the same time however, Garibaldi also proves to the citizens of Italy how the only way to be a true nationalist is to act upon your beliefs rather than speak them. Nevertheless, those who were true nationalists in the unification applied a force great enough to take down a power full foreign tyrant and the Pope himself. .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd , .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .postImageUrl , .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd , .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:hover , .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:visited , .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:active { border:0!important; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:active , .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u83d9c8fcc9f87e27cc02d2d0772a7acd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jane Eyres Self-Discovery EssayBy 1815, the Holy Roman Empire was permanently made up of thirty-eight German states in contrast to the previous three hundred states of 1789. The people of Germany could easily see that something had to be done about the division of their homeland. As with all Nationalist movements, there must be some sort of common bond between the people of the country; In Germany, this common bond was language and history. Nationalism was also spurred in Germany by the combined hatred of Austria and a common economy. In document 5, the castle represents the building blocks of German Unification. Directly above the basis of Nationalism, is the Zollverein. The Zollverein was a customs (tariff) union formed in 1819 that did not include Austria. By excluding Austria, the German states could increase their economic status by removing taxes on exported/imported goods for members and continuing taxes for Austria and non-members. With a growing economy, an attempt to make a democratic form of government was made but flopped when King Fredrick William IV cowardly refused the crown in fear of Austria; Germany remained to be an Absolute Monarchy. In 1861, Otto van Bismarck was appointed Prime Minister of Prussia, the most powerful German State. Bismarcks Policy of uniting Germany, though rash, was effective in gaining back the states lost by previous campaigns. A policy of Blood and Iron was set forth for German Armies; This militaristic view point sent the ununited German states into several continuous wars, thus leading to the final unification of Germany in 1871. Not able to avoid serious contest with Austriacan only be settled by blood and iron were some of Otto Van Bismarcks words in document 4. Bismarcks form of nationalism shows that there are multiple ways to unify a country, based on his radical policies. Unfortunately, in later years, Bismarcks harsh militaristic pollicies brought about the First World War. As displayed by the Italian and German unifications of the 18th and 19th centuries, nationalism of any form is most definitely a unifying force. Italy and Germany are but examples of this force, and a part of a long list of countries whom have experienced overflowing nationalism in their own historical background. Even in America nationalism had taken the people of the original colonies by storm and gave them the motivation and force to remove themselves from the oppression of the English Mother Country in 1776, nearly the same time as the many European Nationalist movements. However, it does not take a rebellion or unification for people of the world to feel a sense of Nationalism. Nationalism should be felt every time we recite the pledge, remember our veterans, or even when we are just walking down the street it is acceptable to feel proud of our country and all for which it stands. Bibliography:

Holdens Beakdown Essays - Holden Caulfield, J. D. Salinger

Holden's Beakdown This fall I think youre riding for- its a special kind of fall, a horrible kind. The man falling isnt permitted to feel or hear himself hit the bottom. He just keeps falling and falling. The whole arrangements designed for men who, at some time or other in their lives, were looking for something their own environment couldnt supply them with. So they gave up looking. They gave it up before they ever really even got started. Holden Caulfields fall to psychological breakdown begins with his brother Allies death. To Holden, Allie represents everything that was good in this world. When Allie is first described, Holden only says great things about him. Youd have liked him... He was terrifically intelegent... He was the nicest (member of the family). Therefore when Allie dies, the good things in his world disappears. After this first major event, Holden gradually realizes that he is powerless to change the evil and corrupt world that he lives in. Holden is looking for something that his own environment couldnt supply him, the only thing that he ever liked, Allie. Just because somebodys dead, you dont just stop liking them, for Gods sake- especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than the people you know thatre alive and all. Another early event in Holdens life is the death of James Castle. Holden sees himself as James in many ways. James would not take back what he said about a conceited boy, and jumped out of the window before he would do something that he did not believe in. Holden is the same in many ways. He refuses to accept the fact that the world is evil, and does everything in his power to change it. The mark of an immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of a mature one is that humbly for one. Another similarity between them both is that James was wearing Holdens sweater when he fell out of the window. As he saw James lying on the ground, Holden sees a part of himself die with him. The part that dies is the part that believes in the goodness of people and the world. Holdens tendency to get kicked out of schools is both a reason and effect of his gradual fall. He does not apply himself in school because he is depressed, and is depressed because he is being kicked out of schools. This most recent expulsion has a larger effect than usual on Holden. He cares about Pency more than he did about the other schools. And for once, he knew that he was not coming back. When Holden leaves Pency, he states that, I was sort of crying. I dont know why. Sleep tight, ya morons! Holden becomes more desperate when he realizes that his old friend Jane Gallagher was going on a date with his roommate Stradlater. He realizes that Stradlater was going to take away Janes innocence by treating her like he treats other girls. That is why Holden tries to remind Jane of her childhood when he asks Stradlater to ask her about keeping her kings in the back row. He wants to save Jane from falling off the rye field like he did. Ironically, Phoebe, who is one of the innocent children he is trying to protect, is the one who brings him to reality and to his final breakdown. Phoebe is the one who challenges his plan to escape out west. As he tells Phoebe that she cannot run away, he discovers that he too cannot run away. You cant ever find a place that is nice and peaceful, because there isnt any. All the kids were trying to grab for the gold ring, and so was old Phoebe, and I was sort of afraid shed fall off the goddamn horse, but I didnt say anything or do anything. The thing with kids is, that if they want to grab the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but its bad if you say anything to them. The gold rings are not gold, but are really

AP Essay

AP Essay AP Essay Amerika Gillett Per. 3 –AP English 4/1/14 2010 AP* English Language and Composition Free-Response Questions Question 3 A political cartoon is formed by allusion and caricature. They are the primary source that often intriguing and entertaining insights into the public mood, the under lying cultural assumptions of age and attitude towards current events. The content of political cartoons usually includes stereotypical highlights a particular viewpoint or idea using illustrations. The image can be humorous as well as informative, they can also be strategically and even serious. Cartoonists often use humor as a way to express their viewpoints in political cartoons. Society allows humorists to say things that other people cannot or will not say. For example, in one cartoon, which was brought to attention, had an image of President Barack Obama holding an image of him that said â€Å"hope† and a quote that said, â€Å"Maybe I’ll try again†. This image had a negative meaning behind it. The cartoonist was implying that President Obama has done nothing over his last term and he recognizes it. The cartoonist used that specific image to express his opinion on the decision of the President. â€Å" To convey with impunity messages that might be dangerous or impossible to state directly.† Societal contracts allow for political messages in ones humor if one wishes, but there is no imperative for a humorist does not wish to do so. In this day and age, arguing with society, people tent to laugh the most at was off limits for serious discussion. Being a humorist is also being a critic; many of the jokes are aimed at everyday life or group of people. ap essay ap essay The thesis of the American novel A History of the World in 6 Glasses is that certain popular beverages have affected far more than the health of people throughout history, but also their religious ceremonies, economic and political views, and social life. The author of the novel Tom Standage supports the subject that is written about and shows no analysis of disagreement with the thesis. Tom Standage is an author of 3 other novels, which are also historic analyses, which support his data and research provided in this particular novel. A History of the World in 6 Glasses is broken down into six segments, one for each drink, the first of which is beer. Man's first civilizations were established after the reception of cultivating and the training of cereal grains. This change in lifestyle helped the "rise of chairmen, copyists, and skilled workers." Next was wine, assumed a significant part in the prospering Greek and Roman societies. Wine launched inconceivable seaborne exchange, whic h spread their views on philosophy, governmental issues, and writing. The book brings up how these headways began and developed at formal Greek drinking gatherings. A History of the World in 6 Glasses provides various kinds of evidence to support the thesis that Standage created. The evidence provided supports the thesis and develops the theme of significance of the drinks mentioned in the novel. For example, beer was first made in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 BC was so important to Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was being used to pay wages. In ancient Greece , wine became a main export, serving to spread Greek culture abroad. After the downfall of Rome, spirits such as brandy and rum, shuffling using a process devised by Arab alchemist , fueled the Age of Exploration , fortifying seamen on long voyages and oiling the pernicious slave trade. Coffee also originated in the Arab creation and went on to inspire scientific, financial and political revolutions in Europe during the A ge of Reason, when coffeehouse became the centers of intellect exchange. Finally, though carbonated drinks were invented in 18th-100 Europe they became a 20th-century phenomenon, and Coca-Cola in particular is the leading symbol of globalization. Standage introduces wine-colored through a word of early Hellene and Roman letters society. Wine is initially associated with mixer class as it was exotic and scarce, being expensive to transport without breakage. Wine conveyed power, prestige, and privilege. Wine then came to embody Hellene culture and became more widely available. It was used not only in the Symposium , the Greek drinking Party , but also medicinally to clean wound and as a safer drink than water. Roman farmers combined Greek influence with their own

Ian Strachan argues that tourism is a neo-colonial enterprise that Essay

Ian Strachan argues that tourism is a neo-colonial enterprise that marginalizes blacks. Write a research based ARGUMENT in favour of this assertion - Essay Example urism is considered to be the world’s largest industry and some regions are endowed with natural and manmade resources that are conducive to developing the economy based on these resources. But tourism or any other industry for that matter should not just be a money making endeavor for investors. It should benefit the stakeholders (including employees, the local population, and other ancillary industries) at all levels for sustenance and growth. The Caribbean islands are considered to be one of the prime tourist destinations in the world, primarily due to its natural resources. This paper is a review of the tourism industry with regard to the economic development of the local population in the region. It is based on an article by Ian Strachan, titled, ‘Paradise and Plantation’. The author is of the view that economic well being is skewed towards foreign investors at the cost of the economic development of the local population. Colonialism has caused many of its ne gative effects to continue in neo-colonial societies (after gaining independence and sovereignty). Research on this area tends to agree with what Strachan has stated from his research and studies. Ian Strachan provides a powerful argument against the exploitation or neglect of the local population in the tourism industry of the Caribbean Islands. Effective advertising about genuine tourist attractions can naturally attract people to travel to destinations of their liking. It is extremely practical or prudent for governments and other agencies to promote a place attractive to visitors. The author states that even though tourism is a big industry, it has developed, to a large extent, at the cost of the local population. In Strachan’s words, â€Å"however distant this imagined, heavily promoted, and staged Eden may be from everyday experience of the majority of the Caribbeans, it is a fantasy that the regions’ nations encourage their citizenry to maintain for the benefit of tourists† (Strachan,

Caribbean history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Caribbean history - Research Paper Example Preceding the European invasion, Caribbean region was densely inhabited with millions of native people. The period starting in 1492 realized a sudden influx of explorers that caused the natives to almost face a total extermination. Following this period, only a few native Indians survived, most of who relocated to the mountains far from European control (Beckles, & Verene, 3- 6). Here they intermingled with Africans escapees and other colonial rebels. The speedy decline of native Caribbean matched with the initial importation of slaves from Africa. Trans-Atlantic slave trade played the greatest role in these relocations, as it brought close to 11 million Africans to the Americas. Out of these African slaves, over 40percent were taken to the Caribbean were they greatly shaped the region's culture and population. This work explores the gradual changes that characterized the Caribbean slave societies as they struggled to oppose their enslavement and secure their freedom. The purpose of this paragraph is to detail various modes of resistance developed in plantation societies by field, domestic, and skilled slaves as well as the evolution of maroon societies. African fight against enslavement and captives’ revolt against the slavery conditions were a common reaction. According to the enslavers, ‘slaves were notoriously lazy and ill disposed to labor’ which suggest daily resistances as ubiquitous. (Beckles, & Verene, 12)The forms of resistances depicted by the enslaved Africans included: runaways, day to day resistance, adaptation and conspiracy. ‘RUN AWAYS’ Taking off was considered a common and most frequent act of resistance displayed by the enslaved throughout the slavery era in the Caribbean. In taking off, slaves in this region peacefully opposed their enslavement. This presented a gross mistake of subordination in the eyes of the slave masters who regarded every successful escape as serious failure in security. In addition, the act of running away depicted erosion of discipline which was established to maintain control and order among the enslaved. ‘Run aways’ caused the slave owners serious inconveniencies, while on the other side carried no negative implication on stability of the slave society (Beckles, & Verene, 65). In essence, ‘run aways’ served to deny the enslavers the much needed labor and at the same time signal those who remained behind to assert their power , thought to have significant impact on economic activities. The fact that all enslaved peoples needed freedom above all other things is no secret; the only puzzle remained on the issue of how one would accomplish such a desire. Individuals who successfully ran from their captures later came together on their own to form what is commonly referred as maroon communities (Engerman, Seymour and Robert, 23). . DAY –TO- DAY RESISTANCE The purpose of this paragraph is to detail on day –to –day resista nce as a tool used by the slave societies to fight against their enslavement. While slaves taking off from their enslavers publicly showed their opposition to the status they were in, fellow slaves who choose to remain continued with other forms of resistance. These different approaches to opposition were shown throughout the slavery era on a daily basis. Most of them were hard to identify as intentional owing to their subtle nature. Many of these actions were

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Example for Free

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its seventh plenary meeting, held November 2011 in Berlin. The meeting’s theme was â€Å"National Identity, Immigration, and Social Cohesion: (Re)building Community in an Ever-Globalizing World† and this paper was one of the reports that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council, an MPI initiative undertaken in cooperation with its policy partner the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: Carnegie Corporation of New York, Open Society Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK Policy Partner), the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www. migrationpolicy. org/transatlantic.  © 2012 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www. migrationpolicy. org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting [emailprotected] org. Suggested citation: Kymlicka, Will. 2012. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Table of Contents Executive Summary. 1 I. Introduction.. 2 The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism. 3 . II. What Is Multiculturalism?.. 4 A. Misleading Model. 4 . B. Multiculturalism in Context 5 . C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies.. 7 III. Multiculturalism in Practice. 10 A. The Canadian Success Story 10 B. The European Experience. 13 . IV. The Retreat from Multiculturalism.. 14 A. Rhetoric versus Reality .. 14 B. Proliferation of Civic Integration Policies. 15 . V. Conclusion:The Future of Multicultural Citizenship. 21 Appendices 26 Works Cited 28 About the Author.. 32 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Executive Summary Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc. metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4 Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2 For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidis

Psychology: Dreams And Dreaming :: essays research papers

Psychology: Dreams and Dreaming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dreams, a nightly gift and a part of the natural process of being alive, are being rediscovered by our publisher. The meaning and value of your dreams will vary according to what you and your society decide. Our society is changing. We used to only value dreams in the context of psychotherapy. There are also a few assumptions about dreams. One is that you are always the final authority on what the dream means. Others can offer insight, suggestions and techniques for exploration and expression, but no one knows what the final meaning and value of the dreams will be for you, except you. Another assumption is that dreams come in the service of wholeness and health. If you find an interpretation that does not fit this, perhaps you need to change methods of interpretation. Dream interpretations that lead you toward self-criticism, depression or despair are simply wrong and if these conditions persist you may wish to seek help from others. Finally, there is no such thing as a dream with one meaning. If you feel stuck on one meaning or feel another person is pushing one meaning, it is time to reconsider your methods and approach. (Lemley p. 17).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clinical dream work is done within the context of psychotherapy and clinical and sleep research have different approaches and goals than peer dream work. (Koch-Sheras p.16).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A dream is a period of spontaneous brain activity usually lasting from about 5-40 minutes that occurs during sleep several times a night usually about 90 minute intervals (Barret p.8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also certain types of dreams. There are fantasy, daydream and waking dreams. There are also lucid dreams, nightmares and night terrors. There are also certain stages in the dream cycle. In the first stage, your body temperature drops, your eyes close and your brain waves begin regular alpha rhythms, indicating a relaxed state. Muscles lose their tension, breathing becomes more even and your heart rate slows. Second, random images begin to float through your mind mimicking the dream state. Jolting or involuntary movements will take place at this time. Third, muscles lose all tightness, breathing becomes slower, heart rate decreases and blood pressure falls. At this point, it will take a loud noise or disturbance to wake you up. You are now fully asleep. Finally, you are in a deep sleep. This is the most physically rested period of sleep and longest in duration. (Time-Life Books p. 97). Jubera 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether awake or asleep, one of the brain's most critical functions is the construction of the model of the environment that we perceive as our

Marketing Orientation Essay

There have been many studies of the term ‘marketing orientation’, and its presence within organisations. Marketing orientation is an approach that companies take which centres its activities towards achieving customer satisfaction through effective marketing. It is where customers form the basis of an organisations performance and overall success. In order to achieve successful marketing orientation, a company must organise an effective structure through planning its activities, products and services successfully. This will help the company on focusing its aims and objectives on the needs and requirements of its customers, in order to establish a relationship that will increase performance and success. ‘Market orientation is the organisation wide development of market intelligence pertaining to customer needs. ’ (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990. p12) Two approaches to marketing Orientation have been suggested by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999), focusing on the practices and culture that the company adopts. It has been interpreted by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999) that marketing orientation is either ‘a company attitude or company behaviour. This is whether a company is customer orientated or focuses on a competitive advantage through marketing orientation. Other authors have similiar thoughts upon these approaches to marketing orientation. Drucker (1954) believes that customers perceive marketing as an ‘activity involving the entire organisation’, rather than being a spec ific company process. The author’s view coincides with the work of Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999), as he focuses on the attitude organisations have in satisfying customer needs. The other side to this approach is the significance of a company’s culture towards marketing orientated activities. Felton (1959) states; ‘It is the attitudes and beliefs of a workforce that control the level of orientated activities a company strives to achieve,’ implying the focus is on themselves competing rather than putting the customer first. Trout and Ries (1985) perceive marketing orientation as an effort by companies to increase competitor advantage, rather than satisfy customer needs. Therefore the company’s culture is focusing its strategy on competitor orientation in order to achieve success. An organisations performance is a very important aspect of successful marketing orientation. Narver and Slater (1990) state that marketing orientation is based on 3 performance measures, which include ‘customer and competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. ’ Introducing effective performance measures can have positive influences on companies, as it helps the company’s culture set aims and objectives for a successful approach to marketing orientation. Jobber (2007) also describes the importance of these measures, stating; ‘A marketing concept culture that manifests in corporate activities to create superior value for customers. However, specific marketing activities relating to the behaviour of a company have ‘emphasis on managerial control rather than the natural culture of the organisation’ (Ellis, 2004), which relates to the work of Trout and Ries (1985) and their beliefs of company’s influencing the importance of competitor orientation over the satisfaction of their customers. Sharp (1991) argues the approach to marketing orientation as described by Drucker (1954), saying that it’s more than just about customer focus; Market orientation has a principle element of focusing on available markets and customer needs. Sharp criticises this view of orientation, as costs of maintaining customer focus will incur in unstable markets, affecting a companies orientation plan. In order to balance this procedure, a company needs equal focus in its approach to marketing orientation, which will help achieve success and efficiency. The link between organisational strategic thinking (Sharp, 1991) and managerial control (Ellis, 2004) helps towards a successful company through competitor orientation. Ellis states that effective performances increase through analysing competitor actions, in order to create a competitor advantage. However, company’s still need to be responsive to customer needs due to volatile markets. Overall increases of a company’s orientation, resulting from effective customer satisfaction, will then lead to greater performances (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990). The relationship between performance and marketing orientation is analysed negatively to strategic marketing. Sin (2005) considers the ‘external environmental aspects’ of marketing orientation, emphasising the importance of linking performance and marketing orientation in order to meet the needs of customers. Sin believes that if companies developed their approaches towards linking these two factors, a more in depth examination of customers needs could be undertaken, which would lead to higher performances within the company. Sin agrees with Sharp’s views, by describing the inclusion of customer needs as well as company aims and objectives. A strategic way of thinking is described by Sharp, where marketing orientation is described as being the most relevant, as it focuses on company, and not just market characteristics. The analyses of various journal articles relating to marketing orientation has led me to understand the different issues relating to marketing orientation. I agree with Kohli and Jaworski (1990) that a company should balance its orientation between customer focus and its aims and objectives, for effective performances. The authors were very clear and focused on what strategies were effective in approaching marketing orientation. I felt that this analysis helped me understand the best method of adopting marketing orientation and how to effectively respond to customer demands, as well as creating a competitive advantage. Limitations to the analysis were discussions from Felton (1959) and Trout and Ries (1995). The views of these authors concentrated on companies who adopted marketing orientation to create a competitive advantage as its main priority. The context of this article focused totally on businesses success and shadowed the importance of customer orientation, something which I feel is crucial for overall success.